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Explore the clinical evidence

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Clinical studies

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Gilmore 2021: Multicenter Study of PNS in Chronic Low Back Pain
Summary
  • Prospective, multicenter study of percutaneous medial branch PNS for chroic axial low back pain
  • Majority of participants reported significant reductions in pain, disability, and pain interference
  • Percutaneous PNS offers a minimally invasive, promising first-line treatment for chronic axial LBP
Albright-Trainer 2021: PNS vs SMT in Acute Post-Amputation Pain
Summary
  • RCT compared PNS vs standard medical therapy (SMT) in postoperative period following amputation
  • Greater reductions in pain and opioid use with PNS vs standard care for post-amputation pain (n=16)
  • PNS of sciatic and femoral nerves reduced opioid use and and postsurgical pain at 3 months
Ilfeld 2021: Pilot RCT of PNS for Postoperative Pain
Summary
  • Multicenter RCT: 66 patients randomized to active PNS vs. sham.
  • PNS was significantly lower vs sham (p<0.001) in the first 7 days after surgery.
  • Interference of pain with emotional and physical functioning was reduced with PNS.

Real-world data

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Aman 2026: Predictors of Success in Shoulder Pain Chart Review
Summary
  • Retrospective chart review shows relief across a variety of shoulder pain types and histories
  • Bimodal PNS® treatment produced greater response rate compared to sensory or motor stimulation alone
  • Similar outcomes in EMR and manufacturer data highlight consistency across data sources
Vorenkamp 2025: Shoulder Pain Follow-up Survey after 60-Day PNS
Summary
  • A majority of responders to 60-day PNS reported sustained shoulder pain relief in a follow-up survey
  • Through up to 5 years, over 80% avoided advancing to additional interventions for shoulder pain
  • A majority of patients interested in deferring shoulder surgery successfully did so after 60-day PNS
Gutierrez 2024: Chart Review of PNS for Chronic Shoulder Pain
Summary
  • Anonymized medical records were reviewed of patients who received SPRINT PNS for shoulder pain.
  • Over 80% of patients reported a substantial (≥50%) reduction in shoulder pain with SPRINT at EOT.
  • Bimodal stimulation produced the greatest percent pain relief.

Reviews & other publications

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Gill 2025: ASPN Consensus Guidelines for 60-day PNS
Summary
  • First clinical guideline specifically assessing the clinical use of 60-day PNS
  • 60-day PNS received received strong to moderate recommendations for several pain conditions
  • Strong recommendations  made in chronic back pain, postoperative knee pain, and post-amputation pain
Pritzlaff 2024: Review of Studies on PNS for Chronic Pain
Summary
  • Ten studies were identified that prospectively studied PNS for treatment of chronic pain.
  • The studies included patients with shoulder pain, neuropathic pain, or low back pain.
  • Reductions in pain and/or pain interference were consistently reported across all pain types.
Staats 2021: Surveys of Patient Preference for LBP Interventions
Summary
  • Study using two market research surveys of chronic pain patient preferences for LBP interventions.
  • LBP patients preferred temporary interventions to permanently implanted devices.
  • Temporary PNS was the most preferred treatment option over RFA and permanent implants.

Case reports

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Gutierrez 2024: PNS for CRPS Case Reports
Summary
  • SPRINT PNS was used to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).
  • Three cases of CRPS in the lower extremity with significant and sustained relief of pain.
  • These three cases suggest that 60-day PNS can be a safe and efficacious treatment for CRPS.
Sudek 2023: Retrospective Review of PNS for Cancer Pain
Summary
  • Assessment of 10 cases of successful oncological pain relief using PNS
  • Patient success measured using visual analog scale and quality-of-life metrics
  • Similar relief noted among tumor-related, cancer-associated conditions, and cancer-independent pain
Tate 2023: Technical Case Report on PNS of Musculocutaneous Nerve
Summary
  • Completed ultrasound-guided placement of short-term PNS lead targeting musculocutaneous nerve (MCN)
  • Patient had total pain resolution & coverage in antecubital & radial forearm areas during 60-Day PNS
  • Ultrasound-guided placement of PNS is feasible for targeting the MCN in refractory elbow pain

Posters

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